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Key Issues and Texts: Culture and Indigeneity

Key Issues and Texts

Seminar 1: Being ‘Indio’ in colonial Latin America (Jimena Lobo Guerrero Arenas)

This session introduces ‘being indio’ in colonial Latin America. It will examine the specificities of how indigeneity was imagined and shaped by Europeans and Indigenous communities alike throughout the colonial period. It will also explore colonial violence and indigenous resistance to colonialism and rebellion as well as the impact of Christianity, mestizaje, and race on colonial body politics. The last 30 minutes of the seminar will delve into a discussion on the use of material culture to voice Indigenous communities in colonial Latin America. 

 

Key issues 

  • ‘Indios/as’ in colonial Latin America 

  • Indigenous resistance and rebellions 

  • Colonial mestizaje and body politics 

Required texts 

  • Rani, T.  Alexander., Kepecs., Susan., Palka, Joel W., and Judith Francis Zeitlin (2018) Archaeologies of Resistance in Alexander, Rani T., and Susan Kepecs. Colonial and Postcolonial Change in Mesoamerica: Archaeology as Historical Anthropology. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico. pp. 73-96 Chapter 5 

 

Discussion: Indigenous Agency through Material Culture 

The objects below, belonging to the collections of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (MAA), are related to indigenous peoples in Latin America. Pick one and familiarise yourself with it: 

 

1924.282;  Z 1294;  1947.460;  1992.116;  1939.224 B;  2022.23;  1953.473;  Z 43314; 1949.336;  1988.324;  1934.617 

 

What is it? Who made it? How was it made? Who used it? When was this type of object firstly produced? Is the object still in use today? What type of information can we get from analysing the object, e.g., resistance, creativity, hybridity? What does it tell us about Indigenous agency?  

 

If you have any trouble with the link for each object, alternatively you can access the museum's online database here (https://collections.maa.cam.ac.uk/objects/) and enter the accession number manually. 

 

Please be ready to discuss it for a few minutes so we can compare and contrast different objects and their significance in studying the concept of 'being indio' in Latin America. 

Note: This session will take place at the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (MAA). It will include a handling session and discussion around objects. 

 

Bibliography 
 

  • Bengoa, J. (2003). Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur. Desde antes de la llegada de los españoles hasta las paces de Quilín. Santiago de Chile: Catalonia. 

  • Burkholder, M.A. and Johnson, L.L. (2003). Colonial Latin America. Fifth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

  • Casas, B. de las (1992). The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Spanish version online here. 

  • Dean, Carolyn & Leibsohn, Dana (2003). Hybridity and Its Discontents: Considering Visual Culture in Colonial Spanish America. Colonial Latin American Review 12(1): 5–35.  

  • Díaz, Mónica (2017). To Be Indio in Colonial Spanish America (1st ed.). University of New Mexico Press. 

  • DuPlessis, Robert S. (2016). The material Atlantic. Clothing, commerce, and colonization in the Atlantic World, 1650–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

  • Earle, Rebecca (2003). Luxury, Clothing and Race in Colonial Spanish America. In M. Berg and E. Eger (eds.), Luxury in the Eighteenth Century: Debates, Desires and Delectable Goods: 219-227. London: Palgrave.  

  • Earle, Rebecca (2010). Clothing and Ethnicity in Colonial Spanish America. In G. Riello and P. McNeill (eds.), The fashion history reader: global perspectives: 383-385. London: Routledge.  

  • Femenías, B. (2005). Gender and the Boundaries of Dress in Contemporary Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press.  

  • Funari, P.P.A. and Senatore, M.X. (eds.) (2015). Archaeology of Culture Contact and Colonialism in Spanish and Portuguese America. Cham: Springer. 

  • Graubart, K.B. (2007). With Our Labor and Sweat: Indigenous Women and the Formation of Colonial Society in Peru (1550-1700). Stanford: Stanford University Press.  

  • Jaffary, N.E. and Mangan, J.E. (eds.) (2018). Women in Colonial Latin America, 1526 to 1806: Texts and Contexts. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. 

  • Lara, Silvia H. (1997). The Signs of Color: Women’s Dress and Racial Relations in Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, ca. 1750–1815. Colonial Latin America Review 6(2): 205-224. 

  • Leon-Portilla, M. (1992). The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Beacon Press. In Spanish ‘Visión de los vencidos. Relaciones indígenas de la conquista.’ 

  • Mangan, Jane E. (2005). Trading Roles: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Urban Economy in Colonial Potosí. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 

  • Fisher, A.B. and O’Hara, M.D. (eds.) (2009). Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press. 

  • Presta, Ana María (2010). Undressing the Coya and Dressing the Indian Woman: Market Economy, Clothing, and Identities in the Colonial Andes, La Plata (Charcas), Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries. Hispanic American Historical Review90(1): 41-74. 

  • Restall, M. (ed.) (2005). Beyond Black and Red: African-native Relations in Colonial Latin America. Albuquerque: The University of Mexico Press. 

  • Restall, M., Sousa, E. and Terraciano, K. (2005). Mesoamerican Voices: Native Language Writings from Colonial Mexico, Yucatan, and Guatemala. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 

  • Rodríguez-Alegría, E. (2010). Incumbents and challengers: Indigenous politics and the adoption of Spanish material culture in colonial Xaltocan, Mexico. Historical Archaeology 44(2): 51–71. 

  • Serulnikov, Sergio. (2003). Subverting Colonial Authority: Challenges to Spanish Rule in the Eighteenth-Century Southern Andes. Duke University Press. 

  • Tortorici, Z. (ed.) (2016). Sexuality and the Unnatural in Colonial Latin America. Oakland, California: University of California Press.  

     

Seminar 2: Race, nation-building, and the politics of dispossession (Jimena Lobo Guerrero Arenas)

The nineteenth century saw the rise of the ‘scientific’ philosophy of race and the development of modern Anthropology, Ethnography, and Archaeology, where perceptions of morality, intelligence, and civilization were deeply intertwined with ideas of race. This period was crucial for Latin American political elites, who needed to build modern nation-states after gaining independence from Spain. In doing so, they faced entrenched social hierarchies, legacies of Spanish colonization, and slavery. How did notions of race become entangled with post-independence nation-building? What were the consequences for Indigenous and Afro-Indigenous communities in Latin America? What were the different forms of cultural dispossession experienced by Indigenous peoples in the 19th and early 20th centuries? This seminar will explore these questions by examining case studies from the independence era to the present. The final 45 minutes of the seminar will be dedicated to a two-group discussion on two specific modes of Indigenous dispossession: cultural heritage and biopiracy. 

 

Key issues 

  • Race, mestizaje, and indigeneity 

  • Latin America’s 19th-century nation-building/indigenista project 

  • Legacies of 19th-century cultural indigenous dispossession 

Required texts 

 

Discussion: Modes of indigenous dispossession 

(2 groups) 

 

Group A: Cultural heritage 

Materials 

TV Universidad (13 June 2019): ‘Restitución a la comunidad Nivaclé en Museo de La Plata’ 

and 

María Antonieta de la Puente Díaz (2019) ‘Semillas contra el despojo’ 

 

Group B: Biopiracy 

Materials 

Mülchi, H. (2010). Calafate, Zoológicos Humanos 

 

Please be prepared to give a brief group presentation on the video so that we can compare and contrast different modes of cultural dispossession and their significance in studying indigeneity in Latin America. 

 

Bibliography 

 

  • Becker, M. (ed.) (2013). Cases of Exclusion and Mobilization of Race and Ethnicities in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 

  • Blaser, M. (2012). Ontology and indigeneity: on the political ontology of heterogeneous assemblages. Cultural Geographies 21(1): 49-58. 

  • Blaser, M. and de la Cadena, M. (eds.) (2018). A World of Many Worlds. Durham: Duke University Press. 

  • Canessa, A. (ed.) (2006). Natives Making Nation: Gender, Indigeneity, and the State in the Andes. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 

  • Canessa, A. (2012). Gender, indigeneity, and the performance of authenticity in Latin American tourism. Latin American Perspectives 39(6): 109-115.  

  • Canessa, A. (2012). Intimate Indigeneities: Race, Sex, and History in the Small Spaces of Andean Life. Durham: Duke University Press. 

  • Castellanos, M. Bianet. (2020) Indigenous Dispossession. Redwood City: Stanford UP. 

  • Chandler, D. and Reid, J. (2018). ‘Being in being’: Contesting the ontopolitics of indigeneity. The European Legacy 23(3): 251-268. 

  • Chaves, M., and Zambrano, M. (2006). From blanqueamiento to reindigenización: paradoxes of mestizaje and multiculturalism in contemporary Colombia. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 80: 5–23. 

  • Curtoni, R.P. and Politis, G.G. (2006). Race and racism in South American archaeology. World Archaeology 38(1): 93-108. 

  • De la Cadena, M. (2000). Indigenous Mestizos. The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919–1991. Durham: Duke University Press. 

  • De La Cadena, M. (1995) Women Are More Indian: Gender and Ethnicity in Cuzco In Larson Brooke, Harris Olivia, and Tandeter Enrique , eds. Ethnicity, Markets, and Migration in the Andes:At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology. Duke University Press. 

  • De La Cadena, Marisol. (2001) Reconstructing race: Racism, culture and mestizaje in Latin America. NACLA Report on the Americas 34.6: 16-23. 2.  

  • Devine Guzmán, T. (2013). Native and National in Brazil: Indigeneity After Independence. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 

  • Endere, M.L. (2014). Archaeological Heritage Legislation and Indigenous Rights in Latin America: Trends and Challenges. International Journal of Cultural Property 21: 319-330. 

  • Faudree, P. (2013). Singing for the Dead: The Politics of Indigenous Revival in Mexico. Durham: Duke University Press. 

  • Fiddian, R. (ed.) (2000). Postcolonial Perspectives on the Cultures of Latin America and Lusophone Africa. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 

  • Holley-Kline, S. (2022). Archaeology, Land Tenure, and Indigenous Dispossession in Mexico. Journal of Social Archaeology. 22(3): 255-276. 

  • Jofré, I.C. (2019). ¿Por qué́ pena el mineral? Teorías mestizas fronterizas y ontologías de lo real con relación al extractivismo minero en San Juan, Argentina. Antípoda. Revista de Antropología y Arqueología 37: 75-94. 

  • Larson, Carolyne R. (2021). Our Indigenous Ancestors: A Cultural History of Museums, Science, and Identity in Argentina, 1877-1943.  

  • Martínez-San Miguel, Yolanda, and Santa Arias. (2020). The Routledge Hispanic Studies Companion to Colonial Latin America and the Caribbean (1492-1898). Milton: Taylor and Francis. Routledge Companions to Hispanic and Latin American Studies.  

  • Martínez Espinoza, M.I. (2015). Reconocimiento sin implementación Un balance sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en América Latina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 60(224): 251-277. 

  • Mucher, Christen. (2022).  Before American History. Charlottesville: U of Virginia. 

  • Radcliffe, S.A. (1997). The geographies of indigenous self-representation in Ecuador: Hybridity, gender and resistance. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 63: 9–27. 

  • Tilley, V.Q. (2005). Seeing Indians: A Study of Race, Nation, and Power in El Salvador. Albuquerque: The University of Mexico Press. 

 

Seminar 3: Reclaiming the City: Urban Indigeneities in Latin America (Natalia Buitron)

In popular imaginaries and the majority of studies on indigenous peoples, authentic Indigeneity is confined to remote forested and rural areas. This seminar instead explores long-standing forms of Indigenous urbanism, the dynamic co-creation of forest and city, and the growing political relevance and vibrant experiences of urban Indigenous peoples and spaces.

Key issues

  • Pre-historic and contemporary urbanism: the case of ancient Amazonian cities
  • Indigenous mobilities and urbanisation in the 20th century
  • Hybrid spaces and performances: markets/housing, protest and performance

Required texts: pick and read at least two readings from the below list of required texts

AND pick one of the texts from ONE of the sub-themes below:

 

Subtheme 1: Ancient and Contemporary Images of Amazonian Urbanism

Subtheme 2: Cholo Markets and the Struggle for Housing

Subtheme 3: Urban Mapuche/ Reclaiming Santiago de Chile

Seminar 4: Indigenous Sovereignties and Resurgence: Contemporary Struggles for Life, Knowledge, and Autonomy (Natalia Buitron)

Indigeneity has historically been imagined as a pre-political stage prior to the civil state.  By contrast, this seminar shows how Indigenous projects of governance delimit state power. Some Latin American indigenous collectives fight for inclusivity and constitutional collective rights but others go beyond in seeking territorial autonomy and self-determination. In both cases Indigenous collectives, and especially women activists, are engaged in a battle over the very meaning of life.

Key issues

  • The mutual construction of sovereign state and Indigeneity
  • Identity Politics and the struggle for collective rights
  • Buen Vivir, the struggle for territory, and the politics of autonomy
  • The Rise of Indigenous women activism

Required texts: pick and read at least two readings from the below list of required texts

AND pick one of the texts from ONE of the sub-themes below:

Subtheme 1: Does Buen Vivir go beyond Identity Politics? / What are the meanings and challenges of Indigenous autonomy? (Pick 2 papers)

Subtheme 2: Is Indigenous women activism a vehicle or challenge to Indigenous autonomy? And how does it reframe state sovereignty?

Seminar 5: Shamanism, mimesis and alterity: spaces of transformation and blurred identities in Latin American popular culture (Françoise Barbira-Freedman) 

Shamanism is perhaps the main generic social and cultural process that has created the contours of indigeneity in Latin America through time. In this seminar, it is presented as a set of practices that carry a distinctive indigenous label but at the same time have been defined through dialectical relations between Indigenous people and the dominant society since colonial times.  Themes include the relationship between Christianity and Amerindian cosmologies, shamanic knowledge and its use in mediating racial conflicts, shamanism as popular medicine and popular culture in mixed rural and urban populations and the blurred identities of present-day shamans as they claim and/or ‘perform indigeneity’. Materials range from the colonial period to the rubber boom, up to the global expansion of Ayahuasca shamanism, the emergence of women shamans in the Amazon region. Mapuche shamans in Chile exemplify the complex gendered identities of shamans throughout Latin America.

Key Issues:

  • The transition of curanderos and brujos to shamans and neo-shamans with the emergence of indigeneity
  • Indigeneity as performed through shamanic practice
  • Relational politics and the historical remodelling of counter-hegemony

Required texts:

  • Taussig, M. (1987). Shamanism, Colonialism and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago University Press. Chapters 6 to 12 and 23 to 25. (Moodle)
  • Gow, P. (1994). ‘River People: Shamanism and History in Western Amazonia’. In C. Humphrey and N. Thomas (eds), Shamanism, History and the State. University of Michigan Press. (Moodle)
  • Barbira Freedman, F. (2014). ‘Shamans’ Networks in Western Amazonia: the Iquitos-Nauta Road’. In B.C. Labate and N. Clavnar (eds.), Ayahuasca Shamanism in the Amazon and Beyond. Oxford University Press, pp. 130-158. (Moodle)
  • Bacigalupo, A.M. (2007). Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power and Healing among Chilean Mapuche. University of Texas Press. Introduction and Chapters 2, 3 and 9. (Moodle)

Discussion:

1. How can we explain that what we call shamanism, in its many different forms, continues to re-invent itself in time throughout Latin America as a live counter-hegemonic cultural heritage, in contra-opposition to state and religious authorities?

Focused readings:

  • Langdon, Esther Jean. 2016. The Revitalization of Yajé Shamanism among the Siona: Strategies of Survival in Historical Context. Anthropology of Consciousness Volume27, Issue2 Special Issue: Ayahuasca, Plant‐Based Spirituality, and the Future of Amazonia, Pages 180-203.
  • Bacigapulo, A.M. (2016). Thunder Shaman: Making History with Mapuche Spirits in Chile and Patagonia. University of Texas Press. (CLAS library)

Select and present the life and work of a shaman of your choice as portrayed in the anthropology literature or in the media.

2. What does shamanism tell us about indigeneity as relational politics in which people labelled or self-ascribing as Indigenous are both socially and economically disadvantaged and yet are attributed powers sought by non-indigenous people on local and international scales?

Focused readings:

Watch the documentary The Last Shaman, by Raz Degan, 2017 (Netflix)

 

Seminar 6: Growing up Indigenous in Latin America:  Discourse and Practice of Interculturality in Education and Healthcare (Françoise Barbira-Freedman)

In contrast with the culture of shamanism in which race relations are virtually inverted in the Latin American popular imaginary, this second seminar addresses the relational dimension of indigeneity as experienced in education and healthcare.  The seminar explores how indigeneity is constituted as a social category during childhood through the institutionalised discourse of interculturality, while at the grassroots, Amerindian tropes of sociality and personhood have been revitalised in current trends of re-indigenisation. Bureaucratised schools and health posts are ambivalent spaces where parents and children negotiate Indigenous citizenship. Despite greater access of Indigenous youths to tertiary education, growing up Indigenous in Latin America is stigmatised by poverty.  How are tensions between embodied, oral, and implicit cultural forms of Indigenous socialisation and the discourse of interculturality reconciled in practice? Are there shared features of Indigenous childhood in Latin American countries? How do the politics of place and/or territory contribute to positive affirmations of Indigeneity in peri-urban neighbourhoods?  

Key issues: 

  • Intercultural education and health care 

  • Nurture as shared ethos of indigenous upbringing 

  • From indigenismo to Indigeneity: policies and grassroots perspectives 

  • Strategies for integrating Indigenous ontologies in education and health care (particularly maternity care). 
     

Required texts: 

  • Cortina, Regina 2019. Indigenous Education Policy, Equity, and Intercultural Understanding in Latin America. 

  • Nemogá-Soto, Gabriel R. 2018. Indigenous and Intercultural Education in Latin America: Assimilation or Transformation of Colonial Relations in Colombia. Journal of Intercultural Studies Vol 39(1): 1-19. 

  • Rahman, E., F Barbira Freedman, F. Garcia Rivera F and M.Castro Rios. 2023 ‘You Teach Who You are’: Lessons with FORMABIAP’s educative community.  número especial "Pedagogía y aprendizaje y conocimiento indígena"  
    https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/core20/current 

Discussion: 

  1. Are intercultural education and health care possible?  Schools and health posts are valued in Indigenous communities, both rural and urban, across Latin America, but Indigenous ontologies and practices remain part of a contested popular culture. 

Focused reading: 

Click to follow link.">Oxford Review of Education: Vol 49, No 4 (Current issue)pp.554-568 (tandfonline.com) 

  • Rahman, E. and F. Barbira Freedman. 2024. ”It takes a village”. Anthropological Perspectives on Global Challenges. Routledge (pp.35-63) 

  • Anthony-Stevens, Vanessa and E. Gallegos Buitron. 2023. Indigenous Mexican Teachers and Decolonial Thinking: Enacting Pedagogies of Reclamation. Anthropology & Education Quarterly Vol 54(2): 144-164, 

2. To what extent multicultural governance can make space for Indigenous cosmopolitics? Based on examples, how do non-Indigenous and Indigenous authors/filmmakers perceive issues?  is dialogue possible? 

Focused reading: 

  • Cortina, Regina and Amanda Earl. 2020. Embracing interculturality and Indigenous knowledge in Latin American higher education. Compare 51(60):1-18. (ResearchGate) 

  • Carpena-Mendez, Fina and K. Pirjo Virtanen. 2022. Indigenous Pedagogies in a Global World and Sustainable Futures. Anthropology & Education Quarterly 53(4):308-320 

  • Llamas A, Mayhew S. 2018."Five hundred years of medicine gone to waste"? Negotiating the implementation of an intercultural health policy in the Ecuadorian Andes. BMC Public Health. 2018 Vol.18(1):686 

Film. D’Argenio, Maria-Chiara. 2022. Indigenous Plots in Twenty-First Century Latin American Cinema. Chapter 6: pp. 225-245. Coevalness, Indigenous Modernity and Indigenization: El sueño del mara’akame (2016). 

 

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